SOURCE: Genome News Network
AUTHOR: Bijal P. Trivedi
COMMENTARY: Allen MacNeill
An alert Evolution List reader has already pointed me to an article that first appeared on April 28, 2000, concerning the unusually rapid speciation of common European mice on the island of Madeira. Apparently, these mice were brought to the island on sailing ships, most likely from Portugal. Since such ships were very small, the total size of the founding populations would have been extremely small; probably less than a dozen individuals (and certainly less than a hundred).
This would certainly qualify as precisely the kind of founder population that I described in the previous post concerning a possible mechanism for chromosomal speciation. In particular, it is extremely interesting that the mice in question have apparently speciated in less than 500 years, and that the mechanism underlying this speciation has involved multiple chromosomal fusions.
Here’s the full article describing the research (commentary follows):
Janice Britton-Davidian spent several weeks in 1999 placing hundreds of mousetraps all over the semi-tropical island of Madeira and discovered what may be an example of "rapid evolution." She caught hundreds of small brown mice that look pretty much alike but that are genetically distinct—a very unusual thing for such a small, geographically contained place. It normally takes thousands to millions of years for one species of animal to diverge to become two. On Madeira, one species may have evolved into six in the space of just 500 years.
Britton-Davidian, an evolutionary biologist at Université Montpellier II in Montpellier, France, showed that populations of Maderian mice have between 22 and 30 chromosomes, even though their ancestors, who first arrived with the Portuguese in the 15th century, had 40.
Madeira is a rugged volcanic island with sharp black cliffs that block all but a few isolated rocky shores. Only a few small villages decorate the strip of coast. The Portuguese were first to inhabit the island, bringing with them the mice that Britton-Davidian so avidly seeks. As the Portuguese founded small settlements around the island, they inadvertently deposited small groups of mice at each stop. And, for the last five centuries, mountainous barriers have prevented these coastal colonies of rodents from commingling.
Britton-Davidian collected hundreds of mice from about 40 locations around the island and found six distinct populations. The common brown house mouse of Europe, presumably the ancestor of the Madeira mice, has 40 chromosomes, but the six families of Madeiran mice have between 22 and 30.
The current families of Madeiran mice are not short of genetic material. They have not lost any DNA. What happened is this: over time, some of the chromosomes fused together, packing more DNA into some chromosomes. Each of the six unique populations of mice on Madeira has its own special assembly of fused chromosomes. Each group of mice may now be its own species.
The diversity of fused chromosomes seems to have occurred in just 500 years, or between 1,500-2,000 generations of mice, says Britton-Davidian. Furthermore, the huge diversity in chromosomes has evolved solely from geographic isolation rather than adaptations to different environments.
"What is surprising is how fast this has taken place," says Scott Edwards, an evolutionary biologist from the University of Washington, in Seattle. Based on fossil records of sea urchins and invertebrates, evolution of different species is thought to take thousands to millions of years. "But this is an interesting case because it may prove to be an extreme case of rapid speciation," says Edwards.
Britton-Davidian wants to know whether these populations of mice have evolved into different species or whether they are on the cusp of speciation. A species is defined as a group of organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring.
One of Britton-Davidian's most surprising findings is that she and her colleagues found no mice that are hybrids among any of the six groups. "This might be because the hybrids are infertile or they may be less fit than the parents and unable to survive," says Britton-Davidian. Other explanations could be that the groups have been geographically isolated and have not had the chance to mate, or that the mice "recognize each other as different and choose not to mate."
Britton-Davidian has taken some mice from Madeira back to her lab in France and will try interbreeding the six populations to confirm whether the hybrid mice are infertile, which, if they are, would imply that the different groups were in the process of speciation. Her team will also observe the mice to see whether they show behavioral or physical differences.
REFERENCES CITED:
Britton-Davidian, J. et al. Rapid chromosomal evolution in island mice. Nature 403, 158 (January 13, 2000).
COMMENTARY:
I must admit that I did not expect to find evidence supporting my hypothesis so quickly; thanks to list reader Zachriel for finding the article posted above. Several items in the article immediately struck me:
• The mice in question were “seeded” in six isolated communities, presumably unintentionally (i.e. in boxes, foodstuffs, or by climbing down mooring lines). These would qualify as six separate, very small founder populations.
• The mountains separating the six populations would effectively isolate the populations, preventing gene flow and maintaining the populations at very low sizes (i.e. the surrounding environments would not be conducive to allowing the mice populations to expand, as they are adapted to living in human habitations).
• The six populations differ almost entirely in chromosome number, but not in apparent phenotype, as predicted by my hypothesis.
I haven’t had time to follow up and check to see if Britton-Davidian has been able to correlate the chromosomal differences between the six different mice populations and their behavior, etc. As readers of the previous post might suspect, my hypothesis does not necessarily predict that there will be any such differences at all. On the contrary, chromolocal mutations (such as the multiple fusions found in the Madeiran mice) don’t change the genetic information, they simply rearrange where it is located in the genome.
If the foregoing does indeed support my hypothesis (and if the hypothesis eventually is shown to be valid) it says something very interesting about speciation and its relationship to natural selection (and, by extension, the “modern evolutionary synthesis”). According to the “modern synthesis,” speciation is the result of geographic isolation and diversifying selection (as originally proposed by Mayr and Dobzhansky), with selection playing an important role in reinforcing species differences via the intensification of “isolating mechanisms.”
However, my “first-degree inbreeding” hypothesis implies just the opposite: that the genetic processes that isolate populations (which subsequently become species) happen first (i.e. chromolocal mutations, etc.), thereby effectively isolating the populations entirely by accident, and that later the already isolated populations begin to diverge in character as the result of selection, drift, etc.
It also implies very strongly that macroevolution (defined as evolution at the species level and above) actually happens virtually instantaneously, as the result of genomic rearrangements such as chromolocal mutations, with phenotypic diversification taking much longer. This squares with the fundamental difference between cladogenesis (i.e. macroevolution) and anagenesis (i.e. microevolution), as the former is essentially instantaneous at the moment of divergence of a new clade, whereas the latter takes time...lots of time, as Darwin first pointed out.
In closing, it is interesting to contemplate the mounting evidence for surprisingly rapid cladogenesis in nature, as shown by the cichlids of Lake Victoria and the mice of Madeira. As I have said before, these newly emerging ideas are diffficult to reconcile with some of the main tenets of the "modern evolutionary synthesis" (although they fit well with Darwinian theory overall). Once again, "The modern synthesis is dead; long live the evolving synthesis!"
I would really appreciate comments, suggestions, and especially criticisms of the foregoing and of my proposed hypothesis. Just click on my name, below, and send me an email, or just click on the “Comments” link. I’ll get your message either way, and will respond as quickly as ever I am able.
--Allen